Jyoti Bhatt

Time & Time Again

Curated by Nathaniel Gaskell

Jyoti Bhatt

Time & Time Again

Curated by Nathaniel Gaskell

In a photograph by Jyoti Bhatt from the 1960s, the top of the frame is occupied by a stone balustrade buttressing the shadow cast by a multifoil arch. At the bottom of the image, a geometric network of sharp shadows, rendered in various grey tones, pulls the scene from reality into abstraction.

At the centre of the image, meanwhile, lies Bhatt’s own silhouette — the artist thus positioning himself between these two planes of reference: the traditional, ‘real’ world on the one hand and the modern, ‘abstract’ world on the other.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.

In a photograph by Jyoti Bhatt from the 1960s, the top of the frame is occupied by a stone balustrade buttressing the shadow cast by an Indo-Saracenic arch. At the bottom of the image, a geometric network of sharp shadows, rendered in various grey tones, pulls the scene from reality into abstraction.

At the centre of the image, meanwhile, lies Bhatt’s own silhouette — the artist thus positioning himself between these two planes of reference: the traditional, ‘real’ world on the one hand and the modern, ‘abstract’ world on the other.

Active as a painter, printmaker and photographer throughout much of the second half of the 20th century, Bhatt’s life and work belongs to a period of cultural production in India when artists were navigating precisely such questions of tradition, modernity and cultural identity, as they wrote a new, post-independence chapter in India’s long art history.
Many of his photographs explore the cultural complexities in regards to the creativity and identity of artists which emerged from Independence, whilst also continuing to offer a nuanced portrait of Bhatt himself. Highly individual, sensitive and witty, his work is full of empathy and curiosity about the human condition, and able to do that rare thing which makes photography so special – to touch us both emotionally and intellectually.

Combining the academic and accidental, the poetic and postmodern, his images have stretched the definition of photography in Indian art, disrupting the hierarchies and labels which the art world is often so keen to inflict. In his corpus, binaries like ‘high art’ and ‘low art,’ rural and urban and indigenous and internationalist, collapse, foregrounding a more egalitarian practice, and one as inclusive as it is investigative. As art historian Shukla Sawant has written:
Omnivorous in his visual appetite, he adroitly shuffled the cards of cubism, abstract expressionism, pop art as well as local visual expression, to dismantle the distinction between different styles imposed by art historical compulsions.

Active as a painter, printmaker and photographer throughout much of the second half of the 20th century, Bhatt’s life and work belongs to a period of cultural production in India when artists were navigating precisely such questions of tradition, modernity and cultural identity as they wrote a new, post-Independence chapter in India’s long art history.

Many of his photographs explore the cultural complexities with regards to the creativity and identity of artists which emerged from the Independence, whilst also continuing to offer a nuanced portrait of Bhatt himself. Highly individual, sensitive and witty, his work is full of empathy and curiosity about the human condition and able to do that rare thing which makes photography so special-to touch us both emotionally and intellectually.
Combining the academic and accidental, the poetic and postmodern, his images have stretched the definition of photography in Indian art, disrupting the hierarchies and labels which the art world is often so keen to inflict. In his corpus, binaries like ‘high art’ and ‘low art,’ rural and urban and indigenous and internationalist collapse, foregrounding a more egalitarian practice, and one as inclusive as it is investigative. As art historian Shukla Sawant has written:

"Omnivorous in his visual appetite, he adroitly shuffled the cards of cubism, abstract expressionism, pop art as well as local visual expression, to dismantle the distinction between different styles imposed by art historical compulsions."

To look across his photographic archive is to enact a kind of voyage, observing how a sea of references, sign systems and ideas crisscross the surface of his prints as his practice journeys from the Faculty of Fine Arts in Baroda, and the folk and tribal art practices of its surrounding villages, to the avant-garde and conceptual photography of 1960s New York, via the inherited pedagogy of the Bauhaus. This online exhibition sets out to be concise companion to that voyage.

A Story in Three Parts

I

Artist’s Portraits

Bhatt acquired his first camera in 1956, after completing a post-graduate diploma at the Faculty of Fine Arts, Vadodara where he would go on to become a teacher. Between the late -1950s and 1970s, students, faculty and visiting artists became his frequent subjects. His portraits from this period convey the atmosphere at the university - an epicentre of India’s artistic community - whilst providing the first signs of his interest in the people who would continue to play an important role in his life and practice. These photographs appear either formal, familiar or intimate, and sometimes a mix of all three; after all, many of them are of his friends and collaborators. Bhatt would also make various self-portraits throughout his career, demonstrating his interest in exploring ideas and themes of reflection, cross-referencing and repetition.

Jyoti Bhatt

KG Subramanyan with his daughter Uma (Baroda, Gujarat)

1960

II

Rural Studies

In 1967, Jyoti Bhatt travelled through the heartlands of Gujarat, taking photographs for a seminar on ‘folk’ and ‘traditional’ art forms organised by the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay (now Mumbai). What he saw had a profound impact on his practice. For the next three decades, he visited more areas in Western, Central and Southern India, and even the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The rapid onset of industrialisation and urban development in this period meant that rural lifestyles and indigenous art traditions were disappearing. Bhatt was driven by a desire to record what he thought subsequent generations might not be able to access, resulting in thousands of negatives which he would carefully cross-reference in diaries, along with sketches and ideas for later artworks. Although documentary in style and initial motivation, a closer look at their compositions reveals his interest in form, through his experimentations with lines, shapes and repeating patterns, as his own artistic explorations and influences become as important to him as what he portrays.

III

Abstraction and Experimentation

As Bhatt continued to pursue his diverse interests, he began abandoning the need to photograph for the sake of documentation and focused more on experimenting with the abstract and technical possibilities of the medium to create unique artworks. By the 1980s, he was using techniques learnt from trips to Italy and New York, as well as photography magazines that taught special darkroom techniques. He also borrowed ideas from Bauhaus photographers in the West such as László Moholy-Nagy, Land Artists and Conceptual Artists such as Richard Long, from his friends and peers at the Faculty of Fine Arts and from traditions and motifs specific to rural art and craft forms in India. Working in this more experimental style, he made photo-collages and diptychs, which sometimes made explicit references to works by others, as well as pulling older images from his own archives. In this final section of his work, we see the coming together of Bhatt’s varied ideas and inspirations, as familiar motifs, shapes and subjects re-emerge in different ways, time and time again, across the surface of his artworks.

Exhibition catalogue now available on the MAP Store

Jyoti Bhatt

Wall painting showing Maan Osha Chita motifs (Orissa)

1987
Silver gelatin print

Museum number: PHY.00688

Jyoti Bhatt

Interior of a Rathwa house, showing a pithora painting (Kawant, Gujarat)

1978–1979
Silver gelatin print

Museum number: PHY.00480

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.

Jyoti Bhatt

Interior of a Rathwa house, showing a pithora painting (Kawant, Gujarat)

1978–1979
Silver gelatin print

Museum number: PHY.00480

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.

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Biography of Jyothi Bhatt

Born in Bhavnagar (1934) and based in Vadodara, Gujarat, Jyoti Bhatt is an Indian modernist painter, printmaker, photographer and educator. Drawing since an early age, Bhatt received formal training at the Faculty of Fine Arts, Maharaja Sayajirao University, Vadodara, before becoming one of the founding members of the Baroda Group of Artists, alongside contemporaries such as KG Subramanyan and NS Bendre. During the early 1960s, he spent time in Italy and the United States, where he developed a deeper appreciation for intaglio and Abstract Expressionism. He returned to India and began
teaching at his alma mater in Vadodara while also experimenting with the possibilities of the photographic medium. His photographs from this period documented India’s rural art traditions and objects, his contemporaries and his personal life and travels. He received the President’s Gold Plaque in 1956 and the Padma Shri in 2019, and his work is part of the permanent collections of the Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC; the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York; and the Museum of Art & Photography (MAP), Bengaluru. More recently, his eclectic photographic practice has garnered both scholarly and popular interest, and is the subject of this book.

About the Curator

Born in London and based in Singapore, Nathaniel Gaskell is the founder and director of the MAP Academy — the education arm of the Museum of Art & Photography (MAP), Bengaluru — and the director of Cara Consulting, Singapore. Following a Master’s degree in research (Interdisciplinary Studies) at the London Consortium, Gaskell has been an editor and author of various research projects and publications on South and Southeast Asian art and culture, including Photography in India: A Visual History from the 1850s to the Present (Prestel), co-authored with Dr Diva Gujral;
Hikari: Contemporary Photography from Japan (Japan Foundation); Derry Moore: In the Shadow of the Raj (Prestel/ Random House); William Dalrymple: The Historian’s Eye (HarperCollins); Maharanis: Women from Royal India (Mapin); and Goh Beng Kwan: Nervous City (National Gallery Singapore), authored by Joleen Loh. He has been a jury member for the TFA photography prize (2015–18) and the Sienna Awards (2021), as well as a nominator for the Kyoto Art Prize (2019), the Prix Pictet Award (2017–21), the Sher-Gil Sundaram grant for photography (2021), and is a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society.
This is an online version of an exhibition at MAP, Bengaluru. For more information on the in-person exhibition, click here.